Introduction The invention of computers--based on the work of Alan Turing in the 1930s and John von Neumann in the 1950s--quickly gave rise to the notion of artificial intelligence, or AI, the claim that such nonhuman machines can exhibit intelligence because they mimic (or so its proponents claim) what humans do when they do things we regard as being evidence of intelligence. From about the late 1960s to the middle of the 1980s there was …showed first 75 words of 3834 total…

…showed last 75 words of 3834 total…field will be accused of just adding technology, not "developing intelligence." I suspect that each time that AI surpasses our current expectations and achieves results changing the way we live, work, and interact with computers, the ever-present critics will be fight with us. In fact, probably no level of success will still the voices that accuse us of inflated claims, deflating our successes and denying, to the very end, the very possibility of artificial intelligence.